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Narcissists: Difficult and Hateful Patients

Uploaded 11/24/2010, approx. 3 minute read

I am Sam Vaknin. I am the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited.

In 1978, a medical doctor by the name of J. E. Groves published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine an article titled, Taking Care of the Hateful Patient.

In the article, Groves admitted that patients with personality disorders often evoke in their physicians dislike or even outright hatred. Groves described four types of such undesirable patients, dependent clingers, today called codependents, entitled demanders, today we call them narcissists and borderlines, manipulative help rejectors, typically psychopaths and paranoids, borderlines and negativistic passive aggressives, and what he called self-destructive deniers. He was probably referring to schizoids and schizotypals, for instance, or histrionics and borderlines.

Therapists, psychologists, social workers and psychiatrists report similar negative feelings towards such patients. Many of them try to ignore, deny and repress these feelings.

The more mature health professionals realize that denial only exacerbates the undercurrents of tension and resentment, prevents effective patient management and undermines any therapeutic alliance between healer and the ill. It is not easy to cater to the needs of patients with personality disorders, narcissists especially.

By far the worst is the narcissistic patient, patient with a narcissistic personality disorder.

In my book Malignant Self-Love: Narcissism Revisited, I have described the situation.

One of the most important presenting symptoms of a narcissist in therapy is his or her insistence that he or she is equal to the psychotherapist in knowledge, in experience or in social status.

The narcissist in the therapeutic session spices his speech with psychiatric lingo and professional terms, of which by the way he understands little. The narcissist distances himself from his painful emotions by generalizing and analyzing them, by slicing his life and hurt and neatly packaging the results into what he thinks are professional insights.

His message to the psychotherapist is, there is nothing much that you can teach me. I am as intelligent and knowledgeable as you are. You are not superior to me. Actually we are partners. We should both collaborate as equals in this unfortunate state of things in which we inadvertently find ourselves involved.

In their seminal tome, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, Theodore Millon and Roger Davis wrote, page 308. Most narcissists strongly resist psychotherapy. For those who choose to remain in therapy, there are several pitfalls that are difficult to avoid. Interpretation and even general assessment are often difficult to accomplish.

In the third edition of the Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, page 128, the author cautions, people cannot change their nature but can only change their situations.

There has been some progress in finding ways of effecting small changes in disorders of personality, but management still consists largely of helping the person to find a way of life that conflicts less with his character. Whatever treatment is used, aims should be modest and considerable time should be allowed to achieve these modest aims.

And finally, the fourth edition of the authoritative Review of General Psychiatry, page 309, says, people with personality disorders cause resentment and possibly even alienation and burnout in the healthcare professionals who treat them. Long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis have been attempted with narcissists, although their use has been controversial.

The narcissist is a hateful and difficult patient.

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Psychosexuality of the Personality Disordered

Sexual behavior can reveal a lot about a person's personality, including their psychosexual makeup, emotions, cognitions, socialization, traits, heredity, and learned and acquired behaviors. Patients with personality disorders often have thwarted and stunted sexuality. For example, paranoid personality disorder patients depersonalize their sexual partners, while schizoid personality disorder patients are asexual. Histrionic personality disorder patients use their sexuality to gain attention and narcissistic supply, while somatic narcissists and psychopaths use their partners' bodies to masturbate with. Borderline personality disorder patients use their sexuality to reward or punish their partners, while dependent personality disorder patients use it to enslave and condition their partners.


Narcissists and Negativistic (Passive-Aggressive) Personality Disorder

Negativistic, passive-aggressive personality disorder is characterized by chronic pessimism, resistance to authority, and a tendency to undermine others in social and workplace settings. Individuals with this disorder often exhibit behaviors such as procrastination, neglect, and sabotage, while feeling unappreciated and victimized by their circumstances. They display a range of negative emotions, including irritability and envy, and often react to perceived slights with sulking or the silent treatment. Despite their obstructive behavior, they may seek forgiveness and promise change when confronted, but these promises typically go unfulfilled.


Can Narcissism be Cured?

Pathological narcissism is difficult to cure, and most narcissists resist psychotherapy. However, some progress has been made in effecting small changes in personality disorders through talk therapy and medication. The earlier the therapeutic intervention, the better the prognosis, and aging tends to moderate or even vanquish some antisocial behaviors associated with pathological narcissism. The existence of empathy is a serious predictor of future psychodynamics, and the prognosis for a classical narcissist with grandiosity, lack of empathy, and all is not good as far as long-term, lasting, and complete healing.


Pathologizing Rebellious Youth: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) labels rebellious teenagers with oppositional Defiant Disorder, which is a pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures. The DSM's criteria for this disorder are arbitrary and subject to the value judgments of adult psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and therapists. The diagnosis of oppositional Defiant Disorder seems to put the whole mental health profession to shame, and it is a latent tool of social control. If you are above the age of 18 and you are stubborn, resistant to directions, unwilling to compromise, give in or negotiate with adults and peers, you stand a good chance of being diagnosed as a psychopath.


Myth of Fearless Psychopath

Psychopaths exhibit forms of dysregulation that can be compared to those seen in borderline personality disorder, but their dysregulation is externalized through impulsive and reckless behaviors, impacting themselves and others negatively. Contrary to the stereotype of fearlessness, psychopaths do experience anxiety and fear, but their physiological responses differ from neurotypical individuals, leading to misinterpretations of their emotional states. They often mislabel their feelings and experiences, confusing emotions like fear with excitement, and perceive threats differently, being hypervigilant towards intimate relationships while taking reckless risks with strangers. Ultimately, psychopaths live in a state of internal chaos, driven by primitive urges and a lack of moral scruples, leading to a profound emptiness and self-destructive tendencies.


Personality Disorders Gender Bias

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) confesses to gender bias, with personality disorders such as borderline and histrionic being more common among women, while narcissistic, antisocial, schizotypal, passive compulsive, schizoid and paranoid disorders are more prevalent among men. The reason for this gender disparity may be due to culture-bound syndromes, with personality disorders reflecting biases and value judgments of the prevailing culture. Upbringing, environment, socialization, cultural mores, and genetics may also play a role in the pathogenesis of personality disorders. Ultimately, the ambiguity and equivocation of the diagnostic criteria may be the problem, with gender bias being everywhere in the psychiatric profession.


Can Narcissist be Tricked Into Healing? (with Daria Zukowska)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is difficult to cure, as the disorder itself is deeply ingrained and affects all areas of a narcissist's life. While certain antisocial behaviors can be modified, the core of narcissism remains resistant to change, with treatment goals focusing on making narcissists more socially acceptable rather than transforming them. Therapy often involves behavioral modification through reinforcement, as narcissists typically seek restoration of their previous status rather than genuine change. Ultimately, understanding narcissists as emotionally stunted individuals can help manage expectations and interactions, allowing for more effective engagement with their behavior.


Alcohol+Covert Narcissist=Antisocial Grandiose Narcissist

Covert narcissists often use alcohol as a means to transform their self-perception from feelings of inadequacy to a grandiose sense of self, shedding their modesty and inhibitions. Alcohol alters their empathy, making them less caring towards loved ones while enhancing their connection with strangers, leading to reckless behaviors and impulsive decisions. This disinhibition can result in a dangerous shift towards psychopathic traits, as the alcohol amplifies their latent narcissism and aggression. Ultimately, the cycle of drinking leads to feelings of guilt and shame once sober, reinforcing their self-loathing and dependence on alcohol to escape their emotional turmoil.


Doormat Covert Narcissist Turns Primary Psychopath

Covert narcissists can transform into primary psychopaths or, less frequently, classic narcissists when faced with stress, humiliation, or rejection, due to their inability to extract narcissistic supply from their environment. They often experience life as a series of losses and may adopt a people-pleasing persona or become passive-aggressive, leading to a cycle of abuse and dysfunction in their relationships. When covert narcissists attempt to assert themselves, they may imitate primary psychopaths, creating fictional identities to navigate their interactions, but ultimately remain disconnected from their true selves. This disconnection results in a lack of genuine relationships, as others interact with the false personas rather than the covert narcissist's authentic self.


Narcissism: Multiple Personality Disorder/Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Narcissistic personality disorder is not a form of dissociative identity disorder (DID) because the false self of a narcissist is not a full-fledged personality, as happens in DID. The false self is a mere construct, a reactive pattern, and lacks many functional and structural elements. DID alters have a date of inception, but the false self is a process without a cut-off date. Narcissism is a total, pure solution of self-extinguishing and self-abolishing, while other personality disorders are diluted versions of self-hate and perpetuated self-abuse.

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